https://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bernicia&feed=atom&action=historyBernicia - Revision history2024-03-28T11:50:51ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.25.5https://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bernicia&diff=49744&oldid=prevRB: /* Kings of Bernicia */2017-06-20T21:54:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Kings of Bernicia</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Frithuwald''' son of Ida (579–585)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Frithuwald''' son of Ida (579–585)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Oswald''' son of Æthelfrith, King of the Northumbrians; a kingdom united from 634 until the Viking invasion of the 9th Century.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Oswald''' son of Æthelfrith, King of the Northumbrians; a kingdom united from 634 until the Viking invasion of the 9th Century.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RBhttps://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bernicia&diff=32833&oldid=prevRB: Created page with "'''Bernicia''' was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by English settlers in Great Britain in the 6th century and which in time was united with its southern neighbour, Deira..."2015-08-14T19:56:16Z<p>Created page with "'''Bernicia''' was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by English settlers in Great Britain in the 6th century and which in time was united with its southern neighbour, Deira..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Bernicia''' was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by English settlers in Great Britain in the 6th century and which in time was united with its southern neighbour, [[Deira]] to create the Kingdom of the [[Northumbria]]ns. Bernicia's territory stretched from the [[River Tees]] in the south to the [[Firth of Forth]] in the north, encompassing broadly [[County Durham]], [[Northumberland]], [[Berwickshire]], [[Roxburghshire]], [[Selkirkshire]], [[Peeblesshire]] and [[the Lothians]], and, with uncertain borders, lands to the west. Its first capital was at [[Bamburgh]].<br />
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The people of the kingdom were known as the ''Beornice'' or the ''Bernice'' and their kingdom was accordingly ''Beornica rice''; the Kingdom of the Beornice. The name "Bernicia" is a Latinisation.<br />
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The first known King of the Bernicians was Ida, and his descendants ruling the Bernicians and later the Northumbrians are known as the ''Idingas''.<br />
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==British ''Bryneich''==<br />
[[File:Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg|right|thumb|270px|''Y Hen Gogledd'' or "The Old North"]]<br />
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===Names===<br />
In the 9th-century the Welsh historian Nennius, in his ''Historia Brittonum'', gives Bernicia the Welsh name ''Berneich'' or ''Birneich'' and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of ''Bryneich'' or ''Brynaich''. This may reflect the name of a preceding Brittonic kingdom or province, which was subsequently adopted by the English settlers and rendered as ''Bernice'' or ''Beornice'' in the Old English tongue. Alternatively, ''Bryneich'' may simply be a Welsh rendering of the English name, but if so, it is unclear why Welsh would need to borrow a foreign name for the area, so the former hypothesis is usually accepted. No etymological analysis has produced a consensus.<br />
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The etymology which is most widely cited is that tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson, which gives the meaning "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps".<ref>Jackson, ''Language and History in Early Britain'', pp. 701–5; Rollason, ''Northumbria 500–1100'', p. 81.</ref> The earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound.<ref>Jackson, ''Language and History in Early Britain'', pp. 701–5; Jackson, ''The Gododdin'', p. 81.</ref> In 1997 John T. Koch suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *''Bernech'' with the native form *''Brïγent'' for the old ''civitas Brigantum'' as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.<ref><br />
Note 566 in {{cite book | editor= John T. Koch| editor-link = John T. Koch | title = The Gododdin of Aneirin: text and context from Dark-Age North Britain | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IIxiAAAAMAAJ | accessdate = 18 October 2011 | year = 1997<br />
| publisher = University of Wales Press| isbn = 978-0-7083-1374-9| page = 216}}</ref><br />
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The Old English name may be influenced in its form by the word "Beorn", meaning roughly "warrior hero".<br />
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Whatever the etymology, other linguistic evidence suggests political activity in the area before the advent of the English tribes arriving from Germany. A few important English centres in Bernicia bear names of British origin or are known by British names elsewhere: [[Bamburgh]] is called ''Din Guaire'' in the ''Historia Brittonum''; [[Dunbar]] (where Saint Wilfrid was once imprisoned) represents ''Dinbaer''; and the name of [[Coldingham]] is given by Bede as ''Coludi urbs'' ("town of Colud"), where ''Colud'' seems to represent the British form, possibly for the hill-fort of [[St Abb's Head]].<ref>Rollason, ''Northumbria 500–1100'', p. 81.</ref><br />
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===Political history and memory===<br />
The Brythonic kingdom of the area was formed from what had once been the southern lands of the Votadini, possibly as part of the division of a supposed 'great northern realm' of Coel Hen in c. AD 420. This northern realm is referred to by Welsh scholars as ''Yr [[Hen Ogledd]]'' or, literally, "The Old North". The kingdom may have been ruled from the site that later became the English [[Bamburgh]], which certainly features in Welsh sources as ''Din Guardi''. Near this high-status residence lay the island of [[Lindisfarne]] (formerly known, in Welsh, as ''Ynys Metcaut''), which became the seat of the Bernician bishops. It is unknown when the Angles finally conquered the whole region, but around 604 is likely.<br />
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===Kings of British Bryneich===<br />
There are several Old Welsh pedigrees of princely "Men of the North" (''Gwŷr y Gogledd'') which may represent the kings of the British kingdom in the area, which may have been called ''Bryneich''. John Morris surmised that the line of a certain Morcant Bulc referred to these monarchs, chiefly because he identified this man as the murderer of Urien Rheged who was, at the time, besieging [[Lindisfarne]].<ref>John Morris</ref><br />
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==English Bernicia==<br />
[[File:Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Northumbria, 600-700]]<br />
The English presence in the land predates the accepted "Coming of the English": Germanic mercenaries were employed by the Romans on [[Hadrian's Wall]] during the late Roman period. Whether these formed a colony significant enough to be a kernel of the future kingdom cannot be known. It is assumed that the great bulk of the population came across the sea from Angeln, in what is now Northernmost Germany and southern Denmark, or from colonies further south in Britain.<br />
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The first historically attested English King of the Bernicians is King Ida, who is said to have obtained the throne and the kingdom about 547. His sons spent many years fighting a united force from the surrounding Brythonic kingdoms until their alliance collapsed into civil war.<br />
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===United Northumbria===<br />
Ida’s grandson, Æthelfrith (Æðelfriþ), united [[Deira]] with his own kingdom by force around the year 604. He ruled the two kingdoms together, their conjoined people known as the Northumbrians (''Norþanhymbre''; those north of the [[Humber]].) His reign ended when he was defeated and slain in battle by Rædwald of King of the East Anglians (who had given refuge to Edwin, son of Ælle, king of Deira) around the year 616. Edwin then became king of the Northumbrians.<br />
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The early part of Edwin's reign was possibly spent finishing off the remaining resistance coming from the Britons (''Wealas'') on his borders and possibly within After he had defeated the remaining Welsh population of the area, he was then drawn towards similar subjugation of the Welsh kingdom of [[Elmet]] which had hitherto survived in the [[Pennines]], in the modern-day [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], near [[Leeds]]). This conquest drew him into direct conflict with the Welsh kings of the west.<br />
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At the disastrous Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633, Edwin was defeated and killed by Cadwallon ap Cadfan of [[Gwynedd]] and Penda of the [[Mercia]]ns. Northumbria again was divided into Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia was then briefly ruled by Eanfrith, son of Æthelfrith, but after about a year he went to Cadwallon to sue for peace and was killed. Eanfrith's brother Oswald then raised an army and finally defeated Cadwallon at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634. After this victory, Oswald appears to have been recognised by both Bernicians and Deirans as king of a permanently united Northumbria. The kings of Bernicia were thereafter supreme in that kingdom, and even after Oswald was slain by King Penda at ''Maserfelþ'' ([[Oswestry]], Northumbria remained united, although Deira had its own sub-kings at times during the reigns of Oswy and his son Ecgfrith.<br />
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===Kings of Bernicia===<br />
*'''Ida''' son of Eoppa (547–559)<br />
*'''Glappa''' son of Ida (559–560)<br />
*'''Adda''' son of Ida (560–568)<br />
*'''Æthelric''' son of Ida (568–572)<br />
*'''Theodric''' son of Ida (572–579)<br />
*'''Frithuwald''' son of Ida (579–585)<br />
*'''Hussa''', possibly son of Ida (585–593)<br />
*'''Æthelfrith'''], son of Æthelric (593–616)<br />
*''Under [[Deira]]n rule 616–633)''<br />
*'''Eanfrith''' son of Æthelfrith (633–634)<br />
*'''Oswald''' son of Æthelfrith, King of the Northumbrians; a kingdom united from 634 until the Viking invasion of the 9th Century.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*Bede, ''Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum''.<br />
*Jackson, Kenneth H. (1953). ''Language and History in Early Britain''. Edinburgh University Press.<br />
*Jackson, Kenneth H. (1969). ''The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish poem''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.<br />
*Koch, John T. (1997). ''The Gododdin of Aneurin: Text and context from Dark-Age North Britain''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1374-4<br />
*Rollason, David W. (2003). ''Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom''. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-81335-2.<br />
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===Further reading===<br />
* Alcock, Leslie, ''Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850.'' Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-903903-24-5<br />
* Alcock, Leslie, ''Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology, AD 367–634.'' Penguin, London, 1989. ISBN 0-14-139069-7<br />
*Higham, N.J., ''The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100.'' Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5<br />
*Lowe, Chris, ''The Making of Scotland: Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland.'' Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 978-0-86241-875-5<br />
*Morris, John, ''The Age of Arthur.'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1973. ISBN 0-297-17601-3<br />
*Ziegler, Michelle. "[http://www.heroicage.org/issues/2/ha2pen.htm The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria]." ''The Heroic Age'' 2 (1999). Online.<br />
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[[Category:British kingdoms]]</div>RB